OPHTHALMOBYTES

𝘠𝘦𝘭𝘭𝘰𝘸 𝘭𝘪𝘥𝘴!⁣ ⁣ 𝗫𝗮𝗻𝘁𝗵𝗲𝗹𝗮𝘀𝗺𝗮⁣ ⁣ Benign cutaneous lesions around the periocular area⁣ More common in women⁣ 30-50 years of age⁣ Associated lipid disorders⁣ ⁣ Risk factors⁣ Diabetes mellitus⁣ Hypothyroidism⁣ Cardiovascular disease⁣ Obesity⁣ Pancreatitis⁣ Hyperuricemia⁣ Smokers⁣ Excessive alcohol intake⁣ ⁣ Pathophysiology⁣ Increased plasma peroxidation of low density lipoprotein (LDL) resulting in cholesterol accumulation within macrophages to form foam cells

White Centered hemorrhages⁣ ⁣ 𝗥𝗼𝘁𝗵 𝗦𝗽𝗼𝘁𝘀⁣ ⁣ Described by Moritz Roth in 1872, Named as ‘Roth Spot’ in 1878 by Litten ⁣ ⁣ 𝘌𝘵𝘪𝘰𝘭𝘰𝘨𝘪𝘦𝘴:⁣ ● Subacute bacterial endocarditiis⁣ ● Anemia/Thrombocytopenia⁣ ● Leukemia⁣ ● Collagen vascular diseases⁣ ● Hypertensive/Diabetic Retinopathy⁣ ● HIV⁣ ● Anoxia⁣ ● Shaken baby syndrome⁣ ● CO poisoning⁣ ● Vitamin B 12 deficiency⁣ ● Traumatic delivery etc⁣ ⁣ ⁣ 𝘗𝘢𝘵𝘩𝘰𝘱𝘩𝘺𝘴𝘪𝘰𝘭𝘰𝘨𝘺:⁣ ⁣ ● They result from retinal capillary

𝘐𝘳𝘪𝘴 𝘢𝘵𝘳𝘰𝘱𝘩𝘺⁣ ⁣Specific conditions:⁣ ⁣ Age related⁣ ● Atrophy of both iris stroma and pigment epithelial layer occurs as a natural aging process⁣ ● Bilateral, symmetric iris stromal atrophy.⁣ ● Normal pupillary contour with increased prominence of the pigment epithelium and⁣ the pupillary sphincter- tan rings⁣ ⁣ Viral Uveitis⁣ ● Chronic inflammation can lead to characteristic iris stromal atrophy⁣ ● VZV generally produces sector iris atrophy due to a vascular⁣ occl

Atropine and Posterior Synechiae www.ophthalmobytes.com⁣ ⁣ Image from Rajan Eye Care Hospital #ophthalmology #ophthal #doctor #health #medical #vision #education #optometry #medicalstudent #optometrist #medicine #eye #ophtho #ophthalmologist #ophthalmo #med #medicaleducation #ophthalmologyresident #ophthalmologyresidency #atropine #iris #synechiae #posteriorsynechiae #uveitis #anterioruveitis

𝗦𝘁𝗮𝗿𝗴𝗮𝗿𝗱𝘁’𝘀 𝗗𝗶𝘀𝗲𝗮𝘀𝗲⁣ ⁣ ● Most common macular dystrophy⁣ ● Presents within first two decades but central vision loss may not occur until later in life⁣ ● AR- Mutation in ABCA4 gene on chromosome 1p21-22⁣ ● AD Stargardt disease (STGD3) is rarer - ELOVL4 gene⁣ ⁣ 𝘚𝘺𝘮𝘱𝘵𝘰𝘮𝘴:⁣ ● B/L central visual loss, photophobia, colour vision abnormalities, central scotomas, slow dark adaptation⁣ ● Visual deterioration progresses rapidly.⁣ ⁣ 𝘍𝘶𝘯𝘥𝘶𝘴: ⁣ ● Affects the

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⁣𝗙𝗶𝗹𝗮𝗺𝗲𝗻𝘁𝗮𝗿𝘆 𝗞𝗲𝗿𝗮𝘁𝗶𝘁𝗶𝘀⁣ Strands composed of degenerated epithelial cells and mucus develop and adhere to the corneal surface causing foreign body sensation & pain⁣ ⁣ 𝘌𝘵𝘪𝘰𝘭𝘰𝘨𝘪𝘦𝘴⁣ ● Aqueous tear deficiency - KCS⁣ ● Corneal exposure (seventh nerve palsy)⁣ ● Occlusion abnormalities - blepharoptosis⁣ ● Ocular surgery (keratoplasty)⁣ ● Systemic diseases with effects on the ocular surface (Sjogren’s syndrome)⁣ ● Extended use of anticholinergic medicatio

𝘊𝘰𝘯𝘨𝘦𝘯𝘪𝘵𝘢𝘭 𝘈𝘯𝘰𝘱𝘩𝘵𝘩𝘢𝘭𝘮𝘰𝘴⁣ ⁣ It is the complete absence of the eye due to deficient formation of the optic vesicle during early phases of gestation⁣ ⁣ ⁣0.2-0.6 per 10,000 births⁣ Microphthalmia refers to the presence of a hypoplastic or rudimentary eye at birth ⁣ ⁣ 𝘙𝘪𝘴𝘬 𝘧𝘢𝘤𝘵𝘰𝘳𝘴:⁣ ● Maternal and gestational factors⁣ ● Genetic - SOX2 and RBP4 genes⁣ ● Chromosomal abnormalities- eg. chromosome 14 deletion, Trisomy 13⁣ ● Environmental -Infections su

𝘍𝘶𝘯𝘨𝘢𝘭 𝘜𝘭𝘤𝘦𝘳- 𝘋𝘪𝘢𝘨𝘯𝘰𝘴𝘪𝘴 𝘢𝘯𝘥 𝘔𝘢𝘯𝘢𝘨𝘦𝘮𝘦𝘯𝘵⁣ ⁣ The picture shows a KOH mount showing filamentous septate hyphae ⁣ ⁣ 𝗗𝗶𝗮𝗴𝗻𝗼𝘀𝗶𝘀:⁣ ● Corneal scraping- both diagnostic and therapeutic⁣ ● AC tap⁣ ● Corneal biopsy⁣ ● PCR⁣ ● Confocal microscopy ⁣ ⁣ 𝗦𝘁𝗮𝗶𝗻𝘀 𝘂𝘀𝗲𝗱:⁣ ● KOH mount with Calcoflour white⁣ ● Gram’s stain⁣ ● Giemsa stain⁣ ● Lactophenol cotton blue⁣ ● PAS stain⁣ ● Grocott’s Methenamine-silver stain⁣ ⁣ 𝗙𝘂𝗻𝗴𝗮𝗹 𝗰𝘂𝗹𝘁𝘂𝗿𝗲:⁣

Fungal ulcer is caused by organisms:⁣ ● Nonpigmented Filamentous septate: Fusarium, Aspergillus⁣ ● Pigmented Filamentous septate: Alternaria, Curvularia⁣ ● Filamentous Non-septate: Mucor⁣ ● Yeasts: Candida⁣ ⁣ 𝘙𝘪𝘴𝘬 𝘍𝘢𝘤𝘵𝘰𝘳𝘴:⁣ 𝗢𝗰𝘂𝗹𝗮𝗿 𝗳𝗮𝗰𝘁𝗼𝗿𝘀:⁣ ● Trauma (with vegetative or organic matter)⁣ ● Chronic corneal inflammation - due to vernal or allergic keratoconjunc tivitis and⁣ neurotrophic ulcers secondary to varicella zoster or herpes simplex viruses ocular

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www.ophthalmobytes.com Image from Rajan Eye Care Hospital #ophthalmology #ophthal #doctor #health #medical #vision #education #optometry #medicalstudent #optometrist #medicine #eye #ophtho #ophthalmologist #ophthalmo #med #medicaleducation #ophthalmologyresident #ophthalmologyresidency

www.ophthalmobytes.com Image from Rajan Eye Care Hospital #ophthalmology #ophthal #doctor #health #medical #vision #education #optometry #medicalstudent #optometrist #medicine #eye #ophtho #ophthalmologist #ophthalmo #med #medicaleducation #ophthalmologyresident #ophthalmologyresidency

Image from Rajan Eye Care Hospital #ophthalmology #ophthal #doctor #health #medical #vision #education #optometry #medicalstudent #optometrist #medicine #eye #ophtho #ophthalmologist #ophthalmo #med #medicaleducation #ophthalmologyresident #ophthalmologyresidency

𝐌𝐨𝐨𝐫𝐞𝐧’𝐬 𝐔𝐥𝐜𝐞𝐫 𝐌𝐚𝐧𝐚𝐠𝐞𝐦𝐞𝐧𝐭⁣⁣⁣ ⁣⁣⁣ 𝐒𝐭𝐞𝐩𝐰𝐢𝐬𝐞 𝐀𝐩𝐩𝐫𝐨𝐚𝐜𝐡⁣⁣⁣ ⁣⁣⁣ The goal of therapy is to ​arrest the destructive process and to promote healing and reepithelialization of the corneal surface⁣⁣⁣ ⁣⁣⁣ 1. 𝘛𝘰𝘱𝘪𝘤𝘢𝘭 𝘤𝘰𝘳𝘵𝘪𝘤𝘰𝘴𝘵𝘦𝘳𝘰𝘪𝘥𝘴 to control the inflammation⁣⁣⁣ ⁣⁣⁣ 2. 𝘊𝘰𝘯𝘫𝘶𝘯𝘤𝘵𝘪𝘷𝘢𝘭 𝘳𝘦𝘴𝘦𝘤𝘵𝘪𝘰𝘯⁣⁣⁣ ● Conjunctiva adjacent to the ulcer contains inflammatory cells that may be producing antibodies against the cornea

𝐌𝐨𝐨𝐫𝐞𝐧’𝐬 𝐔𝐥𝐜𝐞𝐫⁣⁣⁣ ⁣⁣⁣ ● Mooren’s is a chronic, progressive and painful peripheral ulcerative keratitis of idiopathic/unknown etiology and no systemic associations.⁣⁣⁣ ● First described by Boman and McKenzie in 1854 as ‘chronic serpiginous ulcer/ ulcus rodens’⁣⁣⁣ ● Autoimmune process - a Type 3 hypersensitivity reaction has been implicated - antigen antibody reaction to infectious toxin deposited in the peripheral cornea causes inflammation and ulceration⁣⁣⁣ ● More

𝐂𝐡𝐨𝐫𝐨𝐢𝐝𝐞𝐫𝐞𝐦𝐢𝐚⁣ ⁣ ● X linked recessive chorioretinal dystrophy⁣ ● Diffuse, progressive degeneration of the RPE, photoreceptors and choriocapillaries⁣ ● Mutation in CHM gene codes for REP-1 ( Rab escort protein) , Xq21⁣ ⁣ 𝐏𝐚𝐭𝐡𝐨𝐠𝐞𝐧𝐞𝐬𝐢𝐬⁣ ⁣ ● Primarily degeneration of RPE cells or choroid or both with secondary degeneration of rods and then cones⁣ ⁣ 𝐂𝐥𝐢𝐧𝐢𝐜𝐚𝐥 𝐅𝐞𝐚𝐭𝐮𝐫𝐞𝐬⁣ ⁣ ● Symptomatic during 1st decade of life⁣ ● Nyctalopia/night blindness⁣

𝐀𝐧𝐭𝐞𝐫𝐢𝐨𝐫 𝐋𝐞𝐧𝐭𝐢𝐜𝐨𝐧𝐮𝐬⁣ ⁣ ● The anterior surface of the lens assumes a conical/ spherical shape and protrudes axially into the anterior chamber⁣ ⁣ ● Characteristically associated with Alport’s syndrome⁣ ⁣ ● Bilateral in 75% of the cases⁣ ⁣ ● Usually absent at birth and appears during second or third decade⁣ ⁣ ● ‘Oil droplet’ reflex on retinoscopy/ slit lamp examination in early stages⁣ ⁣ ● The site of the cone shows thin basement membrane (capsule)⁣ ⁣ ● Decreas

𝐋𝐨𝐬𝐭 𝐟𝐨𝐯𝐞𝐚!⁣ ⁣ 𝘖𝘤𝘶𝘭𝘰𝘤𝘶𝘵𝘢𝘯𝘦𝘰𝘶𝘴/ 𝘖𝘤𝘶𝘭𝘢𝘳 𝘈𝘭𝘣𝘪𝘯𝘪𝘴𝘮⁣ ⁣ Albinism is a congenital disorder causing reduced pigmentation due to complete or partial absence of melanin pigment affecting the skin, hair and eye.⁣ ⁣ Absence or defect of tyrosinase which is involved in production of melanin.⁣ ⁣ 𝘛𝘸𝘰 𝘵𝘺𝘱𝘦𝘴:⁣ ⁣ 𝐎𝐜𝐮𝐥𝐨𝐜𝐮𝐭𝐚𝐧𝐞𝐨𝐮𝐬 𝐚𝐥𝐛𝐢𝐧𝐢𝐬𝐦⁣ ● Involves the eye, skin and hair⁣ ● Autosomal recessive⁣ ● Many types - OCA Type 2 is the