OPHTHALMOBYTES

-Cotton Wool Spots: Nerve fibre layer. -Microaneursyms: Inner nuclear layer. -Dot blot hemorrhages: Inner nuclear & Outer plexiform layer. -Flame-shaped hemorrhages: Nerve fibre layer. -Hard exudates: Outer plexiform layer. www.ophthalmobytes.com⁣ ⁣ Image from Rajan Eye Care Hospital #ophthalmology #ophthal #doctor #health #medical #vision #education #optometry #medicalstudent #optometrist #medicine #eye #ophtho #ophthalmologist #ophthalmo #med #medicaleducation #ophthalmolog

•Bilateral, non-inflammatory, non-hereditary peripheral corneal thinning usually inferiorly (4 to 8 ‘o’ clock). ONSET: •2nd to 5th decade of life. PATHOPHYSIOLOGY: •Thought to be secondary to collagen abnormalities, similar to keratoconus. •The thin, weakened cornea is said to protrude as a result of intraocular pressure. SYMPTOMS: •Progressive deterioration of visual acuity due to irregular astigmatism. •Rare – pain due to acute corneal hydrops. SIGNS: •Peripheral band of co

•Bilateral lipid degeneration of the cornea. •Two forms: Primary & Secondary. Occurs mainly in secondary form. •May be peripheral/ central / diffuse. ETIOLOGY: •Accumulation of lipids may result from excessive production, impaired lipid metabolization or both mechanisms. RISK FACTORS: •Secondary to systemic disorders of lipid metabolism- Defects in cholesterol esterification, in lipoprotein scavenging, Fish-eye disease, Tangier disease. •Secondary form: associated with previo

Grades of Hyphema! Art by @mahuness www.ophthalmobytes.com⁣ ⁣ #ophthalmology #ophthal #doctor #health #medical #vision #education #optometry #medicalstudent #optometrist #medicine #eye #ophtho #ophthalmologist #ophthalmo #med #medicaleducation #ophthalmologyresident #ophthalmologyresidency #medicaldoctor #doc #apaoyo #ophthalmicphotography

Serum lipid levels correlate with extent of hard exudates! www.ophthalmobytes.com⁣ ⁣ Image from Rajan Eye Care Hospital #ophthalmology #ophthal #doctor #health #medical #vision #education #optometry #medicalstudent #optometrist #medicine #eye #ophtho #ophthalmologist #ophthalmo #med #medicaleducation #ophthalmologyresident #ophthalmologyresidency #medicaldoctor #apaoyo #diabetes #diabeticretinopathy

The quiz answer is… ICE Syndrome! Detailed explanation below! www.ophthalmobytes.com #ophthalmology #ophthal #doctor #health #medical #vision #education #optometry #medicalstudent #optometrist #medicine #eye #ophtho #ophthalmologist #ophthalmo #med #medicaleducation #ophthalmologyresident #ophthalmologyresidency #medicaldoctor #doc #apaoyo #icesyndrome #iris #cornea

Principle of cryotherapy Art by @mahuness www.ophthalmobytes.com⁣ ⁣ #ophthalmology #ophthal #doctor #health #medical #vision #education #optometry #medicalstudent #optometrist #medicine #eye #ophtho #ophthalmologist #ophthalmo #med #medicaleducation #ophthalmologyresident #ophthalmologyresidency #medicaldoctor #doc #apaoyo #medicine #cryotherapy #retina #retinalbreak #retinaldetachment

Weekend Bytes Causes of Enlarged corneal nerves #cornea #cornealnerves #enlargedcornealnerves #ophthalmology #ophthalmologist #ophthalmologyresident #ophthalmology #ophthal #doctor #health #medical #vision #education #optometry #medicalstudent #optometrist #medicine #eye #ophtho #ophthalmologist #ophthalmo #med #medicaleducation #ophthalmologyresident #eyecare #eyecheckup #apaoyo

𝘠𝘦𝘭𝘭𝘰𝘸 𝘭𝘪𝘥𝘴!⁣ ⁣ 𝗫𝗮𝗻𝘁𝗵𝗲𝗹𝗮𝘀𝗺𝗮⁣ ⁣ Benign cutaneous lesions around the periocular area⁣ More common in women⁣ 30-50 years of age⁣ Associated lipid disorders⁣ ⁣ Risk factors⁣ Diabetes mellitus⁣ Hypothyroidism⁣ Cardiovascular disease⁣ Obesity⁣ Pancreatitis⁣ Hyperuricemia⁣ Smokers⁣ Excessive alcohol intake⁣ ⁣ Pathophysiology⁣ Increased plasma peroxidation of low density lipoprotein (LDL) resulting in cholesterol accumulation within macrophages to form foam cells

White Centered hemorrhages⁣ ⁣ 𝗥𝗼𝘁𝗵 𝗦𝗽𝗼𝘁𝘀⁣ ⁣ Described by Moritz Roth in 1872, Named as ‘Roth Spot’ in 1878 by Litten ⁣ ⁣ 𝘌𝘵𝘪𝘰𝘭𝘰𝘨𝘪𝘦𝘴:⁣ ● Subacute bacterial endocarditiis⁣ ● Anemia/Thrombocytopenia⁣ ● Leukemia⁣ ● Collagen vascular diseases⁣ ● Hypertensive/Diabetic Retinopathy⁣ ● HIV⁣ ● Anoxia⁣ ● Shaken baby syndrome⁣ ● CO poisoning⁣ ● Vitamin B 12 deficiency⁣ ● Traumatic delivery etc⁣ ⁣ ⁣ 𝘗𝘢𝘵𝘩𝘰𝘱𝘩𝘺𝘴𝘪𝘰𝘭𝘰𝘨𝘺:⁣ ⁣ ● They result from retinal capillary

𝘐𝘳𝘪𝘴 𝘢𝘵𝘳𝘰𝘱𝘩𝘺⁣ ⁣Specific conditions:⁣ ⁣ Age related⁣ ● Atrophy of both iris stroma and pigment epithelial layer occurs as a natural aging process⁣ ● Bilateral, symmetric iris stromal atrophy.⁣ ● Normal pupillary contour with increased prominence of the pigment epithelium and⁣ the pupillary sphincter- tan rings⁣ ⁣ Viral Uveitis⁣ ● Chronic inflammation can lead to characteristic iris stromal atrophy⁣ ● VZV generally produces sector iris atrophy due to a vascular⁣ occl

Atropine and Posterior Synechiae www.ophthalmobytes.com⁣ ⁣ Image from Rajan Eye Care Hospital #ophthalmology #ophthal #doctor #health #medical #vision #education #optometry #medicalstudent #optometrist #medicine #eye #ophtho #ophthalmologist #ophthalmo #med #medicaleducation #ophthalmologyresident #ophthalmologyresidency #atropine #iris #synechiae #posteriorsynechiae #uveitis #anterioruveitis

𝗦𝘁𝗮𝗿𝗴𝗮𝗿𝗱𝘁’𝘀 𝗗𝗶𝘀𝗲𝗮𝘀𝗲⁣ ⁣ ● Most common macular dystrophy⁣ ● Presents within first two decades but central vision loss may not occur until later in life⁣ ● AR- Mutation in ABCA4 gene on chromosome 1p21-22⁣ ● AD Stargardt disease (STGD3) is rarer - ELOVL4 gene⁣ ⁣ 𝘚𝘺𝘮𝘱𝘵𝘰𝘮𝘴:⁣ ● B/L central visual loss, photophobia, colour vision abnormalities, central scotomas, slow dark adaptation⁣ ● Visual deterioration progresses rapidly.⁣ ⁣ 𝘍𝘶𝘯𝘥𝘶𝘴: ⁣ ● Affects the

Weekend Bytes Lenticonus Associations www.ophthalmobytes.com⁣ ⁣ Image from Rajan Eye Care Hospital #ophthalmology #ophthal #doctor #health #medical #vision #education #optometry #medicalstudent #optometrist #medicine #eye #ophtho #ophthalmologist #ophthalmo #med #medicaleducation #ophthalmologyresident #ophthalmologyresidency #lens #lenticonus #anteriorlenticonus #cataractsurgery #alportssyndrome

Kayser- Fleischer Ring Causes Image from Rajan Eye Care Hospital ⁣⁣ #ophthalmology #KFring #ophthalmobytes #ophthal #cornea #doctor #health #medical #vision #education #optometry #medicalstudent #optometrist #medicine #eye #ophtho #ophthalmologist #ophthalmo #med #medicaleducation #ophthalmologyresident #ophthalmologyresidency

⁣𝗙𝗶𝗹𝗮𝗺𝗲𝗻𝘁𝗮𝗿𝘆 𝗞𝗲𝗿𝗮𝘁𝗶𝘁𝗶𝘀⁣ Strands composed of degenerated epithelial cells and mucus develop and adhere to the corneal surface causing foreign body sensation & pain⁣ ⁣ 𝘌𝘵𝘪𝘰𝘭𝘰𝘨𝘪𝘦𝘴⁣ ● Aqueous tear deficiency - KCS⁣ ● Corneal exposure (seventh nerve palsy)⁣ ● Occlusion abnormalities - blepharoptosis⁣ ● Ocular surgery (keratoplasty)⁣ ● Systemic diseases with effects on the ocular surface (Sjogren’s syndrome)⁣ ● Extended use of anticholinergic medicatio

𝘊𝘰𝘯𝘨𝘦𝘯𝘪𝘵𝘢𝘭 𝘈𝘯𝘰𝘱𝘩𝘵𝘩𝘢𝘭𝘮𝘰𝘴⁣ ⁣ It is the complete absence of the eye due to deficient formation of the optic vesicle during early phases of gestation⁣ ⁣ ⁣0.2-0.6 per 10,000 births⁣ Microphthalmia refers to the presence of a hypoplastic or rudimentary eye at birth ⁣ ⁣ 𝘙𝘪𝘴𝘬 𝘧𝘢𝘤𝘵𝘰𝘳𝘴:⁣ ● Maternal and gestational factors⁣ ● Genetic - SOX2 and RBP4 genes⁣ ● Chromosomal abnormalities- eg. chromosome 14 deletion, Trisomy 13⁣ ● Environmental -Infections su

𝘍𝘶𝘯𝘨𝘢𝘭 𝘜𝘭𝘤𝘦𝘳- 𝘋𝘪𝘢𝘨𝘯𝘰𝘴𝘪𝘴 𝘢𝘯𝘥 𝘔𝘢𝘯𝘢𝘨𝘦𝘮𝘦𝘯𝘵⁣ ⁣ The picture shows a KOH mount showing filamentous septate hyphae ⁣ ⁣ 𝗗𝗶𝗮𝗴𝗻𝗼𝘀𝗶𝘀:⁣ ● Corneal scraping- both diagnostic and therapeutic⁣ ● AC tap⁣ ● Corneal biopsy⁣ ● PCR⁣ ● Confocal microscopy ⁣ ⁣ 𝗦𝘁𝗮𝗶𝗻𝘀 𝘂𝘀𝗲𝗱:⁣ ● KOH mount with Calcoflour white⁣ ● Gram’s stain⁣ ● Giemsa stain⁣ ● Lactophenol cotton blue⁣ ● PAS stain⁣ ● Grocott’s Methenamine-silver stain⁣ ⁣ 𝗙𝘂𝗻𝗴𝗮𝗹 𝗰𝘂𝗹𝘁𝘂𝗿𝗲:⁣

Fungal ulcer is caused by organisms:⁣ ● Nonpigmented Filamentous septate: Fusarium, Aspergillus⁣ ● Pigmented Filamentous septate: Alternaria, Curvularia⁣ ● Filamentous Non-septate: Mucor⁣ ● Yeasts: Candida⁣ ⁣ 𝘙𝘪𝘴𝘬 𝘍𝘢𝘤𝘵𝘰𝘳𝘴:⁣ 𝗢𝗰𝘂𝗹𝗮𝗿 𝗳𝗮𝗰𝘁𝗼𝗿𝘀:⁣ ● Trauma (with vegetative or organic matter)⁣ ● Chronic corneal inflammation - due to vernal or allergic keratoconjunc tivitis and⁣ neurotrophic ulcers secondary to varicella zoster or herpes simplex viruses ocular

Deposits in Band Shaped Keratopathy⁣ ⁣ www.ophthalmobytes.com⁣ ⁣ Image from Rajan Eye Care Hospital #ophthalmology #ophthal #doctor #health #medical #vision #education #optometry #medicalstudent #optometrist #medicine #eye #ophtho #ophthalmologist #ophthalmo #med #medicaleducation #ophthalmologyresident #ophthalmologyresidency #cornea #bandshapedkeratopathy #calcium #epithelium #bowmans #bsk #stroma