OPHTHALMOBYTES

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•Multiple, small discrete lesions of the cornea - Affect epithelial and subepithelial layers Causes based on distribution of lesions in the cornea: •Generalized - Acute conjunctivitis, Toxic conjunctivitis, Vernal conjunctivitis •Central- Adenoviral conjunctivitis, Thygeson’s, CL overwear •Upper ⅓ - Inclusion Conjunctivitis, Superior limbic Keratoconjunctivitis •Lower ⅓ - Staphylococcus disease, Exposure keratitis, Entropion •Lower ⅔- Dry eye, Exposure keratitis, Neurotrophic

Mind mapping classification of Tarsorrhaphy. www.ophthalmobytes.com⁣ ⁣ #ophthalmology#ophthal#doctor#health#medical#vision#education#optometry#medicalstudent#optometrist#medicine#eye#ophtho#ophthalmologist#ophthalmo#med#medicaleducation#ophthalmologyresident#ophthalmologyresidency#oftalmologia#surgery#surgeon#apaoyo #tarsorrhaphy #cornea #lids #sutures #ophthalmomaps

-Caused by interruptions of the tear film and local dehydration of the cornea. -Form a saucer-shaped excavation of the cornea that occurs adjacent to a limbal elevation. ETIOLOGY: -Secondary to paralimbal elevation due to :Episcleritis or scleritis, Thick pingecula or pterygium, Subconjunctival hemorrhage, Subconjunctival injections, Filtering blebs, Suture granuloma, Limbal tumours, Lesions like angioma, Subconjunctival silicone oil -Post-surgery -Long term contact lens wear

•Inflammatory disease of the peripheral cornea: peripheral stromal infiltrates with epithelial defect and ulceration. •Associated with the presence of blepharoconjunctivitis. Due to an inflammatory response against S. aureus antigens. Etiology: •Symptomatic Staphylococcal blepharitis/conjunctivitis, or asymptomatic Staphylococcal colonization of the eyelid. Pathophysiology: •The presence of bacterial antigens in the peripheral area of the cornea triggers a type III hypersen

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Mind mapping the corneal dystrophy classification! www.ophthalmobytes.com⁣ ⁣ #ophthalmology#ophthal#doctor#health#medical#vision#education#optometry#medicalstudent#optometrist#medicine#eye#ophtho#ophthalmologist#ophthalmo#med#medicaleducation#ophthalmologyresident#ophthalmologyresidency#oftalmologia#surgery#surgeon#apaoyo #cornea #cornealdystrophy #ophthalmomaps

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-After the lens vesicle separates from the surface epithelium, a wave of mesenchyme forms the primary corneal stroma. -A second wave then forms the endothelium, which secretes the DM. -The DM, hence, has a potential plane of separation from the corneal stroma, which we use to our benefit in DMEK surgery and which works against us in an inadvertent DM detachment. ASSESSING THE DMD: -Must be suspected when unexpected corneal edema is noted on the day after surgery. -In the pres

-Myasthenia gravis is a post synaptic autoimmune disorder due to failure of neuromuscular transmission resulting from binding of autoantibodies to proteins involved in signalling at the NMJ. -OMG is where weakness is clinically isolated to the periocular muscles (extraocular muscles, LPS and orbicularis oculi). - Ocular muscles are involved in 97% of patients during disease. FEATURES: -Ptosis. -Diplopia. -Fluttering of ptotic eyelid observed during eye movements (Lid Hopping)

-Development of irreversible corneal edema after cataract surgery and IOL implantation. -Initially, there is endothelial trauma followed by progressive stromal and epithelial edema. -The epithelial edema results in the formation of bullae, hence the name bullous keratopathy. Want to know the etiology of PBK? LOOK ABOVE! www.ophthalmobytes.com⁣ Image from Rajan Eye Care Hospital⁣ #ophthalmology #cornea #ophthalmobytes #ophthal ⁣ #doctor #health #medical #vision #education #opt

Tan et al. gave a morphological classification of pterygium based on its transparency under the microscope. LOOK ABOVE FOR THE GRADING! www.ophthalmobytes.com⁣ Image from Rajan Eye Care Hospital⁣ #ophthalmology #cornea #ophthalmobytes #ophthal ⁣ #doctor #health #medical #vision #education #optometry #medicalstudent #optometrist #medicine #eye #ophtho #ophthalmologist #ophthalmo #med #medicaleducation #ophthalmologyresident #ophthalmologyresidency #apaoyo #pterygium #conjuncti

Descemet's Stripping Endothelial Keratoplasty! -In DSEK: the patient’s Descemet membrane is peeled off and replaced with a partial thickness graft: a transplanted disc of Posterior Stroma, Descemet and Endothelium. Both donor and host cornea are manually dissected. -In DSAEK: the donor dissection is carried out using a mechanical microkeratome. GOAL of DSEK: -To transplant a healthy endothelial cell layer that will pump the fluid out of the cornea. -Expected to restore cornea

-Symptoms are usually more than signs. RISK FACTORS: OCULAR FACTORS • Trauma. • Ocular surface disorders. • Contact lens wear • Drugs (Corticosteroids) SYSTEMIC FACTORS • Diabetes mellitus, HIV positive patients (immunocompromised states). SLIT LAMP EXAMINATION: -An epithelial defect with surrounding stromal infiltration which is usually different for different organisms. -Suppurative stromal infiltration. -Associated conjunctivitis is certain organisms (gonococcal, pne

•Bilateral, non-inflammatory, non-hereditary peripheral corneal thinning usually inferiorly (4 to 8 ‘o’ clock). ONSET: •2nd to 5th decade of life. PATHOPHYSIOLOGY: •Thought to be secondary to collagen abnormalities, similar to keratoconus. •The thin, weakened cornea is said to protrude as a result of intraocular pressure. SYMPTOMS: •Progressive deterioration of visual acuity due to irregular astigmatism. •Rare – pain due to acute corneal hydrops. SIGNS: •Peripheral band of co

•Bilateral lipid degeneration of the cornea. •Two forms: Primary & Secondary. Occurs mainly in secondary form. •May be peripheral/ central / diffuse. ETIOLOGY: •Accumulation of lipids may result from excessive production, impaired lipid metabolization or both mechanisms. RISK FACTORS: •Secondary to systemic disorders of lipid metabolism- Defects in cholesterol esterification, in lipoprotein scavenging, Fish-eye disease, Tangier disease. •Secondary form: associated with previo

The quiz answer is… ICE Syndrome! Detailed explanation below! www.ophthalmobytes.com #ophthalmology #ophthal #doctor #health #medical #vision #education #optometry #medicalstudent #optometrist #medicine #eye #ophtho #ophthalmologist #ophthalmo #med #medicaleducation #ophthalmologyresident #ophthalmologyresidency #medicaldoctor #doc #apaoyo #icesyndrome #iris #cornea

Weekend Bytes Causes of Enlarged corneal nerves #cornea #cornealnerves #enlargedcornealnerves #ophthalmology #ophthalmologist #ophthalmologyresident #ophthalmology #ophthal #doctor #health #medical #vision #education #optometry #medicalstudent #optometrist #medicine #eye #ophtho #ophthalmologist #ophthalmo #med #medicaleducation #ophthalmologyresident #eyecare #eyecheckup #apaoyo

Kayser- Fleischer Ring Causes Image from Rajan Eye Care Hospital ⁣⁣ #ophthalmology #KFring #ophthalmobytes #ophthal #cornea #doctor #health #medical #vision #education #optometry #medicalstudent #optometrist #medicine #eye #ophtho #ophthalmologist #ophthalmo #med #medicaleducation #ophthalmologyresident #ophthalmologyresidency

𝘍𝘶𝘯𝘨𝘢𝘭 𝘜𝘭𝘤𝘦𝘳- 𝘋𝘪𝘢𝘨𝘯𝘰𝘴𝘪𝘴 𝘢𝘯𝘥 𝘔𝘢𝘯𝘢𝘨𝘦𝘮𝘦𝘯𝘵⁣ ⁣ The picture shows a KOH mount showing filamentous septate hyphae ⁣ ⁣ 𝗗𝗶𝗮𝗴𝗻𝗼𝘀𝗶𝘀:⁣ ● Corneal scraping- both diagnostic and therapeutic⁣ ● AC tap⁣ ● Corneal biopsy⁣ ● PCR⁣ ● Confocal microscopy ⁣ ⁣ 𝗦𝘁𝗮𝗶𝗻𝘀 𝘂𝘀𝗲𝗱:⁣ ● KOH mount with Calcoflour white⁣ ● Gram’s stain⁣ ● Giemsa stain⁣ ● Lactophenol cotton blue⁣ ● PAS stain⁣ ● Grocott’s Methenamine-silver stain⁣ ⁣ 𝗙𝘂𝗻𝗴𝗮𝗹 𝗰𝘂𝗹𝘁𝘂𝗿𝗲:⁣